Commas With 'Therefore', 'Hence', 'Consequently', 'Thus', Etc.

Should you use commas with ‘therefore,' 'hence,' ‘consequently,' 'thus,' and other similar words? Let’s find out.

In short:

Table of Contents
Should You Use Commas With 'Therefore,' 'Hence,' 'Consequently,' 'Thus,' etc.?
What Are Conjunctive Adverbs?
Using Commas Before
Using Commas After
Examples of Conjunctive Adverbs and Commas
Concluding Thoughts

Should You Use Commas With 'Therefore,' 'Hence,' 'Consequently,' 'Thus,' etc.?

Words like ‘therefore,' 'hence,' ‘consequently,' and 'thus' are known as conjunctive adverbs. So if you want to know whether or not to use commas with them, I think the first thing we need to do is find out what exactly those are.

What Are Conjunctive Adverbs?

Remember:

Conjunctive adverbs are transition words. They can connect sentences or independent clauses, create emphasis, or add a pause in a sentence.

They are quite versatile and can be used at the beginning and middle of sentences.

Here are some examples of conjunctive adverbs:

Using Commas Before

Can you use commas before a conjunctive adverb?

The answer is:

You usually wouldn’t find a comma before a conjunctive adverb.

That’s because it’s either:

Just like in the following sentences:

Time is ticking. Therefore, we must hurry.

Time is ticking; therefore, we must hurry.

Ideally, you want to mostly use a coordinating adverb at the beginning of a sentence and after a full stop. That’s not because using a semicolon is incorrect but more so because semicolons are best used sparingly.

There is one instance, however, where a coordinating adverb could be preceded by a comma, and you just saw an example of it.

Let me write that sentence again:

There is one instance, however, where a coordinating adverb could be preceded by a comma.

The coordinating conjunction ‘however’ is offset by a comma on either side, which is a technique used for the pause effect it creates.

This is the only time when it’s okay to use a comma before a coordinating conjunction. And it works with others, too - not just ‘however.’ Look at the examples below where ‘therefore’ and ‘incidentally’ both follow and precede a comma.

The best course of action, therefore, is to postpone the event.

There is, incidentally, a corkscrew in the drawer.

Using Commas After

What about using commas after a conjunctive adverb? The truth is, that’s actually a lot more common. It’s more than okay to do it in most cases.

I think it costs too much. Otherwise, I would have come.

Meanwhile, while you’re on vacation, I’m working like a dog.

Conjunctive adverbs can be punctuated with commas. Namely, you can put commas after the adverb.

Examples of Conjunctive Adverbs and Commas

Well, that’s pretty much the basics covered, so let’s take a look now at some more examples of sentences with conjunctive adverbs.

I should get a hefty paycheck this month. Indeed, I’ve done a lot of overtime.

She hasn’t finished her work yet; consequently, she needs to stay at the office.

The lawyer called and announced that, finally, we’d won the case.

You’re lurking in murky water, which is very dangerous. Moreover, it’s illegal.

I don’t think we should have lunch here. Instead, let’s go back to mine.

Concluding Thoughts

That concludes this article on using commas with ‘therefore,' 'hence,' ‘consequently,' 'thus,' and other conjunctive adverbs.

Let’s review what we’ve learned:

If you found this article helpful, we’ve got lots more like this over on our blog. Check them out!

Learn More:

  1. How to Write a List Correctly: Colons, Commas, and Semicolons
  2. 'Therefor' or 'Therefore': What's the Difference Between the Two?
  3. How to Correctly Apply 'In Which', 'Of Which', 'At Which', Etc.
  4. ‘Ect.’ or ‘Etc.’: How to Spell It Correctly?
  5. Do You Need a Comma Before 'But'?
  6. Optative Sentence Example and Definition: What Is an Optative Sentence?
  7. 'Weird' or 'Wierd': How Do You Spell 'Weird'?
  8. ‘Spicket’ or ‘Spigot’: How to Spell It Correctly
  9. Titles of Works: Italics or Quotation Marks?
  10. What is 'Portmanteau'? Meaning, Definition, Examples
  11. 'That' vs 'Which': Definitions, Differences, and When to Use
  12. Yes/No Questions: What Are Closed Questions? Definition and Examples
  13. Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs: How They Work
  14. Indirect Objects: What Are Indirect Objects? Definition and Examples
  15. Language Register in English Writing: Definition, Meaning, and Examples

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